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Alkaline battery case material

Alkaline battery case material, because different varieties and different batteries, but they must meet the batteries on the shell material's performance requirements. Long-term effects can be alkali materials; to have good mechanical strength, wide operating temperature range and long service life.

(1) alkaline cadmium - nickel battery shell material present, the commonly used shell materials are mainly nylon, polystyrene and high density polyethylene plastic, but also the use of modified polystyrene plastic housing. The nylon plastic shell is often used nylon -68, in addition, nylon -6, nylon -610, -610 nylon, nylon -1,010 can also be used, can result due to choose.

HDPE shell which is better than PA and PS shell. HDPE is a crystalline plastics, fine chemical stability, good strength and toughness, wide temperature range, between the -70 ~ 90 ℃. HDPE shell, but prone to expansion in the use of distortion, while there is easy to aging defects. To overcome this shortcoming, VGP-BPS12 battery and more using a variety of stabilizing agent to improve the performance of HDPE. Are reported in the literature, comparing PA, LDPE, ABS, HDPE and modified the PE properties were: modified HDPE best performance to meet the technical requirements of the battery, is a better shell material.

⑵ zinc - silver zinc battery casing materials - silver battery shell material mainly PS, PMMA, AS, ABS, PE and PA and so on. PS which has good chemical stability, excellent electrical insulation properties, easy processing, low cost, but the use of low temperature is not easy to do too brittle to withstand vibration of the battery case. PA shell off a good vibration resistance and impact resistance, but low intensity is not ideal. PMMA is a transparent plastic relative density, low water absorption, easy to seal; with alkali stability, but poor seismic so easily in a stress crack.

According to documents introduced: zinc - silver battery shell material, multi-use high impact polyethylene - acrylonitrile copolymer (AS); ABS and polyphenylene oxide (PPO) plastic manufacturing the battery case, IdeaPad U350W battery the successful use of aircraft in the short space , alkaline battery case material mainly of some transparent or translucent plastic, the plastic performance requirements on the use of more comprehensive, in particular, to have good toughness, wide temperature range and long service life .

Surface type Schottky barrier solar cells

Surface type Schottky barrier solar cells are photovoltaic cells. PV characteristics of the surface barrier is to use only one and a kind of impurity-doped semiconductor (n-type or p-type, photo-V effect comes this piece of semiconductor surface barrier zone. If the surface barrier by the formation of different materials, surface potential barrier photocell two basic categories: One is all solid state battery, the other is electrolytes / solid battery. all solid state battery of metal / semiconductor (MS) or metal / insulator / semiconductor (MIS) structure, Toshiba Satellite P500 battery often referred to as Schottky barrier solar cell. electrolyte / solid battery liquid / semiconductor structure, known as electrochemical photovoltaic cells (EPC).

Organic polymer solar cells

In organic / polymer materials with photon - electron interaction very strong, so kind of materials and inorganic materials, different photophysical principles, people do not understand everything.

One of the main difference is in the organic / polymer materials, the photon excitation is not a free carrier, but bound together the stimulated electron - hole pairs, exciton binding energy of about 0.4eV. Carrier transport in the free and to be collected before the electrode, exciton dissociation required for the electrons and holes. For example, in the single exciton dissociation interface rectifier device or in an electronic donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) semiconductor interface dissociation. Lenovo Ideapad Y650 battery The interface area of greater reach and exciton dissociation the more. In addition, compared with the thickness, the exciton diffusion distance is small (typically about 10nm), so the organic / polymer solar cells is to absorb most of the sun than 100nm and obtained satisfactory photoelectric conversion efficiency is difficult.

Extensive systems to the power grid linking the technical issues

(1) the possibility of introducing a large number of

On the power grid in the system power, the large scale of power generation efficiency, economy Gao, due to these advantages, atomic energy, fire, water, etc. account for most of the power supply. However, as represented by the carbon dioxide lead to global warming emissions of gas and hazardous substances system constraint conditions, the future very difficult for new or additional thermal power. In addition, nuclear power generation options because of location problems, its long construction period, and hydroelectric power, as has been the main location, almost all basic can not be expected to generate new supply. In this case, the fuel cell as a high-efficiency, environmental load small decentralized power by the people's attention.

In terms of power generation systems, fuel cells can be small ①; location constraints; ③ The construction period is short, so people look forward to its electricity network in the future large-scale power in the supplement and perfect to play an important role.

From the perspective of social system, with the relaxation of regulations and the development of electricity market liberalization, the increasing popularity and expanding the fuel cell, and has been improved, Lenovo K42 battery that in October 1995 under the revised method of electrical utilities, has allowed new businesses join the power generation sector, small-scale power system connection, the wholesale shipment from the shipment so. In March 2000 began a part of the liberalization of electricity retailing. Expected in the future, new join will expand the number of power grid, fuel cells can also be introduced this way. From the above environment, systems, society and future fuel cell cost reduction and other comprehensive factors into account, it can be said with the introduction of the grid based on a large number of fuel cells.

(2) a large number of systems connected a technical issue

A large number of fuel cells connected by the system, the previously discussed issues will be further expanded, the following are particularly important issue.

① voltage generation and increasing the current radial distribution system, and can not be assumed that there is power distribution system side. Side of the voltage distribution system management, is really just under one-way from the substation to the user to design and use flow. In such a distribution system, if the introduction of a large number of fuel cell, reflux can occur, resulting in system voltage by the electric side up. So that the existing distribution line voltage controlled conditions will produce the following questions. (A) Although you can use wire taps to manage column transformer low voltage distribution line voltage, it is difficult to properly manage the resulting rise in counter-current voltage; (b) the output power distribution substation line voltage electricity is usually stored as by units to control, when the power distribution lines between units of the load characteristics to a significant differences, we can not properly control voltage; (c) wind power and solar power generation a large number of systems connected, Toshiba Satellite M45 battery possible voltage of 101 ± 6V range Mainland frequent changes . However, changes in fuel cell power generation small, very few such problems.

② Short-circuit capacity increases with the fuel cell system connected to the power network when a short circuit accident, fuel cells will become the emergency current supply source, therefore, short-circuit capacity than the introduction of fuel cells are not bigger context. In the case of short circuit capacity increases, once the circuit breaker over-capacity has been established, when the accident can not be open circuit. However, the inverter can inhibit short-circuit current, over-current protection device for more than 2 times the rated current of the instantaneous overcurrent will play a role, this time the increase will not cause a short circuit capacity.

③ separate operation because a large number of low detection sensitivity of the introduction of fuel cell, power generation equipment and load active power and reactive power when in balance, there will be for passive mode voltage relays and frequency relays can not detect the insensitive zone. In addition, there is increased sensitivity to increase the probability of malfunction and reduce the sensitivity of the subject is not sensitive to area expansion. On the other hand, the active form, HP Mini 5101 battery because a lot of settings with a variety of separate detection of the fuel cell operation, prone to interference, so the detection sensitivity decreased, and the active form will create overlap interference signals cause the system power quality deterioration.

In summary, whether active or passive mode means a lot in introducing fuel cells, the individual will become a problem running test. Therefore, the need to develop a reliable power grid does not affect the detection method.

④ high harmonics increases the fuel cell DC power generation system connected to the electricity network, the need to use the DC-AC inverter converts. From the principle, said the device is the source of high harmonics occur, so to comply with the guiding principles of higher harmonics for system connection. When the large scale introduction of fuel cells, although each cell can meet the requirements of the target level, but the total voltage distortion rate is often more than the target level. Power grid high harmonic generated hazards, so the number of successive increase in Taiwan, it must correctly grasp the situation.

⑤ The following other topics are all concerned about power quality issues. (A) to increase the output DC component of DC power equipment to the power grid out of the DC component in the control of 1% in nominal, but with the system to increase the number of connected units, these outflows will overlap, to adversely affect electrical equipment; ( b) production of high-frequency clutter inverter carrier frequency as the relationship between the generated high frequency clutter (clutter conduction, radiation clutter>.When the capacity and equipment to increase the number of cases and lead to equipment damage and other issues . In addition, the following items as a grid, use and design programs in such areas as issues. (a) fuel cells together to stop the overload generated when the instantaneous voltage is low and the distribution line accident, will stop the fuel cell together, the result will occur including the time again, including closed circuit overload; (b) the system's problems switching between the two systems, when one side of a large number of distributed power is the system connected, the system at the end of the system voltage and the difference angle will change large, the system will be difficult to switch. In addition, when switching to stop the fuel cell, HP ProBook 4310s battery it must also consider the use of the issue; (c) the actual state of load management, the whole process of monitoring and other issues from the grid, fuel cells can not be monitored the case of output power, we can not grasp the total needs of the management of the load so it will become difficult; (d) equipment, using the issue plan load electricity needs and difficult to predict the rate, then increase the period of the equipment becomes difficult to judge properly. the results will lead to excess investment in equipment and supply reliability of the decline. Also, according to the specific circumstances of power grid in the implementation of system changes and the time line construction, etc., necessary to confirm again that links the fuel cell system capacity and voltage protection systems such as link conditions change.

Application of thermal batteries

Thermal characteristics of the battery the most significant first, the discharge current density, in particular, pulse discharge, which has a high specific energy and specific power; followed by the activation time is short, very flexible to use, it is unmatched by other battery; ability is again harsh environmental conditions, particularly the use of a wide temperature range. Therefore, there will be a thermal battery military's favor, first of all it uses the weapon. Currently many of the world's advanced high-tech weapons and regarded as their preferred thermal battery power, variety of weapons involved, including a variety of tactical missiles, strategic missiles, cruise missiles, anti-missile missiles, nuclear weapons, advanced bombs artillery, aircraft, Lenovo ideapad Y710 battery spacecraft and underwater weapons and so on. Species in these weapons, thermal batteries, some used as fuses and detonation, such as bomb proximity fuze, electric detonators, explosive detonators; some used for ignition, such as missile launch, to propellant ignition; Some of them control systems and telemetry systems for power; some forward momentum for direct use as weapons, such as water supply under the forward torpedo; some for life-saving power supply, such as aircraft ejection seat power supply and so on. In short, the development of modern advanced weapons, is inseparable from the development of thermal batteries. In addition to the military field thermal battery has its special uses, in civilian areas Ye have emerging trends, though not so deep in this area of application development Ren careful research, Toshiba Satellite M100 battery such as fire power, high temperature prospecting underground power supply should have its a foothold. This regard, we have to strengthen research, and constantly open up new world of applications, making it better for the national economic construction.

Phosphoric acid fuel cell

At present, the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) fuel cells have become all the most practical one, it has a higher efficiency, the power generation system with good environmental performance, the market is expected to be further expanded. Phosphoric acid as the electrolyte because the operating temperature of 200 degrees, the work can still be stable without evaporation. In this work temperature, can avoid fuel gas containing carbon monoxide poisoning caused by the catalyst. In order to prolonged, steady use of the PAFC, accident diagnosis, life assessment techniques to improve system reliability is essential, and it is very important, and now the technology is being gradually established. Reliability and lifetime caused by fuel cells and other characteristics of a sharp decline is mainly due to shortage of phosphoric acid and hydrogen inadequate; Dell studio 14 battery resulting fuel cell performance decrease is mainly due to the slow decline in catalyst activity and catalyst layer moist. In this chapter, we use the latest evaluation of accelerated life test data description, including the gas diffusion polarization analysis and forecasting capacity phosphoric acid splash. Use

These assessment techniques can decrease the battery voltage characteristics of the main reasons for the - lead to the battery voltage characteristics

Slow down the catalytic activity decreased, and the catalyst layer of moist (diffusion barrier) the stability of the battery voltage changes tend to speculate battery life.

In phosphoric acid fuel cells practical, the most popular on-site fuel cell power systems group, with its hundreds of kilowatts as the main power system is in normal operation, some system of cumulative operating time has more than 40,000 hours, in technology required to achieve a practical level. Phosphoric acid fuel cell power generation system to the city natural gas as main fuel, you can use from industrial waste gas by the low calorific value and the use of methanol as a fuel waste. Moreover, many fuel other than fuel oil systems are also available. Lenovo 3000 G400 battery People are using hydrogen fuel cell-site hydrogen plant project development, in fact, evidence test being conducted.

Alliance fuel cell power generation system for the system can be used to remove water and air-conditioning but also can be used as summer gas turbine power generation output power of the compensation, applied to the suction gas turbine cooling. In addition, the system can be used to high quality non-instantaneous interruption of power supply and DC power systems.

Molten salt electrolyte decomposition voltage

If the current through the molten salt electrolyte and applied stay of electrodes, then only when the applied voltage reaches a certain value, the molten salt electrolyte electrolysis began. This is necessary for long-term electrolysis minimum applied voltage as the decomposition of the salt decomposition voltage or potential.

In the current through the molten salt electrolyte and the electrode on a chemical reaction to produce the polarization electromotive force, its direction and the applied voltage the contrary, therefore, decomposition voltage must be based on the original electromotive force electromotive force to overcome the polarization can the normal electrolysis. The polarization electromotive force of reason (to stay in the use of electrodes) are as follows.

(1) electrode electrolysis products of adsorption and precipitation (to generate new chemical battery emf).

(2) changes in ion concentration near the electrode caused by concentration polarization.

(3) electrode electrochemical reaction occurs on a variety of slow electrochemical polarization caused.

Determine the role of the various polarization processes, Asus A6000 battery such as electrolysis products, electrolyte, electrode and atmosphere components and their interactions can affect the polarization emf values.

For the non-occurrence of a single salt concentration polarization, only two electrodes in the electrolysis cell polarization occurs not the case, it is equal to the corresponding chemical decomposition voltage of the battery emf. In the presence of a polarization voltage, decomposition voltage will be greater than the reversible chemical battery emf. For each electrode an electrode reaction occurs only electrolytic cell, such as lead chloride electrolysis, the cathode discharge occurs only lead ions and precipitation of metal lead, the anode occurs only chloride and precipitation of gaseous chlorine discharge, then the electrolysis The polarization voltage is close to 0, so their chemical decomposition voltage of the battery emf and the corresponding line.

In summary, the use of a single molten salt electrolysis, the two electrodes an electrochemical reaction occurred without any other polarization voltage was equal to the corresponding decomposition of the chemical battery emf. This situation is not much, and in most cases is the use of multiple composite molten salt electrolysis electrolyte, Lenovo 3000 G230 battery two electrodes on the response is not just a reaction, electrolysis two electrodes are to take place when a serious polarization, the decomposition voltage have to electromotive force than the corresponding large chemical battery.

An overview of thermal batteries

Chemical power source is a chemical energy directly into electrical energy. In principle, all the oxidation reduction reaction of a chemical power supply can be designed, but for various reasons, the real practical value of the chemical power supply a few. A manganese zinc batteries, lead acid battery, a nickel-cadmium batteries, a silver zinc batteries, lithium battery, a nickel-hydrogen batteries, fuel cells and lithium ion batteries is the familiar chemical power. The end of World War II, Dr. Erb in Germany invented the battery, the battery from thermal power as a member of the chemical battery and other common development, together with Zheng-hui.

Thermal battery is activated by heating the battery, it is a molten salt electrolyte, Acer TravelMate 2300 battery at room temperature is a solid, non-conductive, when used by heating to melt into molten ionic conductors, the battery is activated starting discharge. The molten salt electrolyte batteries with aqueous electrolyte battery, compared with many features. First, the ratio of molten salt electrolyte conductivity 10 times larger than the electrolyte solution around, so hot the battery will discharge power, pulse current per square centimeter to tens of safety, steady-state current can reach several security per square centimeter, compared to , much less aqueous electrolyte batteries; Second, thermal batteries can use a small atomic weight, chemical nature of the lively and very negative electrode potential of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal as the anode (such as lithium, calcium, magnesium, etc.), so the battery has a very high The specific energy and specific power, this feature also is beyond the battery electrolyte solution; Third, thermal battery also has a wide use of environmental temperature, storage time is long, activate the rapid and reliable, compact structure, process simple, Dell vostro 1310 battery low cost, no maintenance. Therefore thermal battery is the modern weapons (missiles, nuclear weapons, artillery, etc.) is the ideal power supply, power supply in the military plays an important role.